2012年ACCA考试《F1会计师与企业》讲义4

　　1.4 Classifying organisation by ownership/control

　　Public sector organisations

　　The public sector is that part of the economy that is concerned with providing basic government services and is thus controlled by government organisations.

　　Illustration 3 – The nature of organisations

　　The composition of the public sector varies by country, but in most countries the public sector includes such services as:

　　§ police

　　§ military

　　§ public roads

　　§ public transit

　　§ primary education and

　　§ healthcare for the poor.

　　Private sector organisations

　　The private sector, comprising non-government organisations, is that part of a nation’s economy that is not controlled by the government.

　　Illustration 4 – The nature of organisations

　　This sector thus includes:

　　§ businesses

　　§ charities and

　　§ clubs.

　　Within these will be profit-seeking and not-for-profit organisations.

　　Co-operatives

　　A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntary to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.

　　(The International Co-operative Alliance Statement on the Co-operative Identity, Manchester 1995).

　　Co-operatives are thus businesses with the following characteristics:

　　§ They are owned and democratically controlled by their members – the people who buy their goods or use their services. They are not owned by investors.

　　§ Co-operatives are organised solely to meet the needs of the member-owners, not to accumulate capital for investors.

　　Illustration 5 – The nature of organisations

　　For example, a retail co-operative could comprise a group of people who join together to increase their buying power to qualify for discounts from retailers when purchasing food.

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　　Co-operatives are similar to mutual organisations in the sense that the organisations are also owned by the members/clients that they exist for. However, they tend to deal in primarily tangible goods and services such as agricultural commodities or utilities rather than intangible products such as financial services.

　　Test your understanding 3

　　A hospital is considering bringing its cleaning services back ‘in house’ having previously out sourced. Comment on how this might impact the hospital’s stated objective of providing the best patient care.

　　Test your understanding 4

　　Some building societies have demutualised and become banks with shareholders. Comment on how this may have affected lenders and borrows.

　　Test your understanding 5

　　Which of the following are usually seen as the primary objectives of companies?

　　(i) To maximize the wealth of shareholders

　　(ii) To protect the environment

　　(iii) To make a profit

　　A) (i), (ii) and (iii)

　　B) (i) and (ii) only

　　C) (ii) and (iii) only

　　D) (i) and (iii) only

　　Test your understanding 6

　　Many schools run fund-raising events such as fetes, where the intention is to make a profit. This makes them ‘profit-seeking’.

　　True or False?