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ACCA考试《P3商务分析》知识辅导3

来源：高顿网校 2015-03-19

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　　RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPERS F8 AND P7

　　2011 ACCA

　　Clarity auditing standards

　　To enhance the application of auditing standards in exam questions,

　　candidates must familiarise themselves with the clarity auditing standards.

　　The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board （IAASB） has

　　completed its comprehensive project to enhance the clarity of all of its

　　International Standards on Auditing （ISAs） in 2009 for improving

　　understandability of auditing standards, and all the new clarity auditing

　　standards are now examinable. This also affects the Hong Kong Standards on

　　Auditing （HKSAs）。

　　The full set of clarity auditing standards features 39 documents, which include:

　　 a new International/Hong Kong Standard on Auditing on communicating

　　deficiencies in internal control – ISA/HKSA 265 （Clarified）， Communicating

　　Deficiencies in Internal Control to those Charged with Governance and

　　Management

　　 35 clarity ISAs/HKSAs

　　 a clarified international/Hong Kong standard on quality control – ISQC 1/

　　HKSQC 1, Quality Controls for Firms that Perform Audits and Reviews of

　　Financial Statements, and Other Assurance and Related Services Engagements

　　a revised glossary of terms

　　 a revised preface to the International/Hong Kong Standards on Quality

　　Control, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance and Related Services.

　　ISA/HKSA 265 （Clarified）， Communicating Deficiencies in Internal

　　Control to those Charged with Governance and Management

　　Among the clarified auditing standards, ISA/HKSA 265 （Clarified） is a

　　completely new standard.

　　It deals with the auditor’s responsibility to communicate appropriately to those

　　charged with governance and management deficiencies in internal control that

　　the auditor has identified in an audit of financial statements.

　　When auditors plan for an audit, they are required to perform risk assessment

　　through understanding internal controls, and also test for the appropriateness

　　of design of internal controls and whether they are implemented. When control

　　reliance strategy is adopted, auditors are required to perform tests of controls

　　to gather audit evidence on the operating effectiveness of controls.

　　During both processes, auditors might identify deficiencies in internal controls.

　　In accordance with ISA/HKSA 265 （Clarified）， ‘deficiency’ exists when ‘a

　　control is designed, implemented or operated in such a way that it is unable to

　　prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements in financial statements on a

　　timely basis; or a control necessary to prevent, or detect and correct

　　misstatements in the financial statements on a timely basis is missing’。 It is

　　equivalent to a deviation from an internal control.

　　CLARIFIED AUDITING STANDARDS

　　APRIL 2011

　　It is common in practice and in exam questions to identify and explain

　　deficiencies in internal control systems. An example is Question 3（b） of Paper

　　F8 in the June 2010 exam session. Candidates were required to identify and

　　explain deficiencies in the cash cycle of a window cleaning company, suggest

　　controls to address each of these deficiencies, and list tests of controls the

　　auditor would perform to assess if the controls were operating effectively.

　　If the deficiency is significant, it is known as ‘significant deficiency’。 It is ‘a

　　deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control that, in the

　　auditor’s professional judgment, is of sufficient importance to merit the

　　attention of those charged with governance’。 It depends not only on whether a

　　misstatement has actually occurred, but also on the likelihood that a

　　misstatement could occur and the potential magnitude of the misstatement.

　　Significant deficiencies may therefore exist even though the auditor has not

　　identified misstatements during the audit.

　　Consideration points should include:

　　 the likelihood of the deficiencies leading to material misstatements in the

　　financial statements in the future

　　 the susceptibility to loss or fraud of the related asset or liability

　　the subjectivity and complexity of determining estimated amounts, such as

　　fair value accounting estimates

　　the financial statement amounts exposed to the deficiencies

　　 the volume of activity that has occurred or could occur in the account

　　balance or class of transactions exposed to the deficiency or deficiencies

　　 the importance of the controls to the financial reporting process

　　 the cause and frequency of the exceptions detected as a result of the

　　deficiencies in the controls

　　 the interaction of the deficiency with other deficiencies in internal control.

　　When you found the following indicators in real practice or exam questions,

　　this would indicate significant deficiencies. These include:

　　 evidence of ineffective aspects of the control environment, such as

　　management fraud not mitigated by internal controls, not sufficient

　　oversight of significant management interests by those charged with

　　governance, and no implementation of remedial actions against significant

　　deficiencies communicated

　　 absence or inefficiency of a risk assessment process

　　 evidence of ineffective responses to identified significant risks

　　 misstatements detected by the auditor’s procedures, which were not

　　prevented, detected and corrected by the internal controls

　　 restatement of previously issued financial statements to reflect the

　　correction of a material misstatement due to error or fraud

　　evidence of management’s inability to oversee the preparation of the

　　financial statements.　　3

　　CLARIFIED AUDITING STANDARDS

　　APRIL 2011

　　In response to significant deficiencies in internal control identified during the

　　audit, the auditor will communicate in writing the significant deficiencies to

　　those charged with governance on a timely basis. For the communication, this

　　would include a description of the deficiencies, an explanation of their potential

　　effects, and sufficient information to enable those charged with governance

　　and management to understand the context of the communication.

　　In terms of the sufficiency of the details of communication, the consideration

　　factors include:

　　the nature of the entity – more details for public interest entities than

　　non-public interest entities

　　the size and complexity of the entity – more details for larger and more

　　complex entities

　　the nature of significant deficiencies that the auditor has identified – more

　　details for those involving integrity of management and fraud

　 the entity’s governance composition – more details for inexperienced

　　governance members

　 legal or regulatory requirements regarding the communication of specific

　　types of deficiency in internal control

　　Evaluation of misstatements

　　As well as deficiencies in internal controls, misstatements may also be

　　detected during an audit. ISA/HKSA 450 （Clarified）， Evaluation of Misstatements

　　Identified During the Audit is actually a new separate standard as well. This

　　highlights the importance of focusing on the deficiencies/misstatements

　　during the audit, which is a common consideration for a risk-based approach.

　　ISA/HKSA 450 （Clarified） deals with the auditor’s responsibility to evaluate the

　　effect of identified misstatements on the audit and of uncorrected

　　misstatements, if any, on the financial statements. ‘Misstatement’ is defined

　　as ‘a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure

　　of a reported financial statement item and the amount, classification,

　　presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance

　　with the applicable financial reporting framework. Misstatement can arise from

　　error or fraud.’ This also relates to those that require adjustments for issuing a

　　true and fair view on the financial statements.

　　For these kind of identified misstatements, the auditor should determine

　　whether the nature and the circumstances of their occurrence indicate the

　　existence of other misstatements, which could be material individually or in

　　aggregate. These misstatements should be communicated to the appropriate

　　level of management on a timely basis.

　　The auditor should also consider whether there is a need to revise the audit

　　strategy and audit plan – especially when those areas are confirmed to have

　　appropriate design, implementation and effective operation of controls, now

　　there are identified misstatements. Does the initial conclusion need to be

　　CLARIFIED AUDITING STANDARDS

　　APRIL 2011

　　reconsidered? This would definitely affect the risk assessment, audit strategy

　　and audit plan.

　　‘Uncorrected misstatements’ are the ‘misstatements that the auditor has

　　accumulated during the audit that have not been corrected’。 Before evaluating

　　the effect of the uncorrected misstatements, the auditor should confirm

　　whether the materiality still remains appropriate. Afterwards, the auditor will

　　determine the uncorrected misstatements are material individually or in

　　aggregate. The auditor will consider:

　　 the size and nature of the misstatements, and the particular circumstances

　　of the occurrence

　　 the effect of uncorrected misstatements related to the prior periods.

　　The auditor will communicate the uncorrected misstatements and their

　　implication on the auditor’s report to those charged with governance. The

　　auditor will also request a written representation （including a summary of

　　uncorrected misstatements） from management and – where appropriate –

　　those charged with governance as to whether they believe the effects of

　　uncorrected misstatements are immaterial, individually and in aggregate to the

　　financial statements as a whole.

　　Conclusion

　　To summarise, candidates need to update their auditing knowledge,

　　understand them and apply them in the exam questions.

　　As stated by the Paper P7 examiner: ‘A significant proportion of candidates

　　continue to produce answers that are simply too vague or too brief, do not

　　actually answer the question requirements, and display inadequate technical

　　knowledge of the clarified ISAs （HKSAs）。 These candidates are encouraged to

　　improve their exam technique, as well as knowledge of the syllabus, by

　　practising as many past exam questions as possible, using up-to-date study

　　materials, and by taking on board the comments made in examiner’s articles

　　and reports.’

　　Allan Lee FCCA is director of Allan Lee Professional Solutions Ltd and cochairman

　　of ACCA Hong Kong’s Student Affairs Subcommittee

　　This article was originally written for ACCA Hong Kong Student News Update

　　magazine, Winter 2010 issue but is still relevant for all auditing students.

　　小编寄语：成功与不成功之间有时距离很短——只要后者再向前几步。

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