Grove is seeking to avoid performing a promise to pay Brook $1,500. Grove is relying on lack of consideration on Brook's part. Grove will prevail if he can establish that:
 
　　a. Prior to Grove's promise, Brook had already performed the requested act.
 
　　b. Brook's asserted consideration is only worth $400.
 
　　c. Brook's only claim of consideration was the relinquishment of a legal right.
 
　　d. The consideration to be performed by Brook will be performed by a third party.
 
　　Explanation
 
　　Choice "a" is correct. A contract generally must be supported by valid consideration. Valid consideration will be present if there is a bargained for exchange of something of legal value. If the act promised has already been performed, the bargain element fails. Thus, it is said that past consideration is no consideration.
 
　　Choice "c" is incorrect. A contract generally must be supported by valid consideration. Relinquishment of a legal right constitutes something of legal value. Thus, this is not a good defense for Grove.
 
　　Choice "b" is incorrect. As long as the consideration is not a sham, the courts will not inquire into the adequacy of the consideration exchanged. $400 is not sham consideration; thus, the large disparity in value of the consideration exchanged here is not a defense.
 
　　Choice "d" is incorrect. The benefits of a contract need not flow to the parties to constitute consideration, the mere giving of a benefit or receipt of a detriment is sufficient.
 

 
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